Carnelian
Quartz var. Carnelian · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, massive or microcrystalline habit forming as tumbled pebble
Mineral Group
Silicates (Tectosilicate subgroup)
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Hydrothermal and low-temperature sedimentary processes, often forming within cavities of volcanic or metamorphic rocks
About This Crystal
A smoothly polished, tumbled pocket stone featuring distinct curved and banded concentric layers in rich shades of reddish-orange, rust-brown, and opaque milky white. The surface exhibits a high glossy vitreous luster with smooth, rounded contours characteristic of tumbling.
Physical Characteristics
Color ranges from brownish-red to bright orange with white bands; streak is white; cleavage is absent; fracture is conchoidal; specific gravity is approximately 2.65; tenacity is brittle; lacks magnetism and fluorescence in most standard UV lights.
Optical Properties
Uniaxial positive with a refractive index of roughly 1.544 to 1.553; birefringence is low (0.009); transparent to translucent along thin edges but predominantly opaque in solid sections; exhibits no significant pleochroism.
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
India, Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 7; good toughness due to microcrystalline interlocking quartz structure; stable against household chemicals and normal light exposure, making it highly durable for everyday jewelry use.
Care & Maintenance
Easily cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth; avoid harsh chemical solvents and prolonged extreme heat; store separately from softer minerals to prevent scratching.
Rarity & Value
Common; value is generally low to moderate depending on color intensity, translucency, and size, with natural un-dyed stones commanding slightly higher collector interest; heat treatment and iron-salt dyeing are common market enhancements.
Special Characteristics
Displays distinct concentric color banding and translucency when held to a strong light source, characteristic of chalcedony varieties.
Lore & History
Historically used in ancient Rome, Greece, and Egypt for signet rings, talismans, and royal burial amulets. In modern crystal healing, it is traditionally associated with the sacral chakra, vitality, motivation, and creative courage, though these are cultural and traditional beliefs rather than scientifically proven properties.