Graphite
Graphite · Industrial Mineral and Mineral Specimen
Crystal System
Hexagonal, typically found in massive, flaky, foliated, or granular habits
Mineral Group
Native Elements
Chemical Formula
C
Formation Process
Metamorphic, forming from the reduction of organic carbon compounds in sedimentary rocks during regional or contact metamorphism, and also in igneous rocks and hydrothermal veins
About This Crystal
An opaque, steel-gray to black mineral with a metallic to earthy luster, showing characteristic soft, greasy feel and flaky or smeary surface features
Physical Characteristics
Color is iron-black to steel-gray, streak is black, cleavage is perfect basal in one direction, fracture is uneven, specific gravity is 2.09-2.23, tenacity is flexible but inelastic, and it is a good electrical and thermal conductor
Optical Properties
Opaque, uniaxial negative with strong bireflectance and extreme pleochroism from bluish gray to brownish gray under reflected light
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Found worldwide with major deposits in China, India, Brazil, Madagascar, and Sri Lanka; forms in metamorphic and igneous environments
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 1 to 2, very soft, highly sectile, greasy feel, low durability for jewelry use
Care & Maintenance
Store carefully away from harder minerals to avoid scratching; clean gently with a soft cloth; highly stable chemically but soft and easily soiled
Rarity & Value
Common, widely available and relatively inexpensive, used extensively in industry for refractories, batteries, and lubricants, as well as writing materials
Special Characteristics
High electrical and thermal conductivity, extreme softness, marked anisotropy, and greasy feel
Lore & History
Historically used for pencils since the 16th century (named from the Greek graphein, meaning 'to write'); in modern metaphysical practices, it is sometimes used for grounding, enhancing mental focus, and balancing energy, though these are non-scientific cultural traditions