Citrine
Quartz var. Citrine · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal; typically occurs in hexagonal prisms but often found as tumbled stones or massive aggregates
Mineral Group
Silicates (Tectosilicate)
Chemical Formula
SiO2 with trace amounts of Iron (Fe3+)
Formation Process
Hydrothermal or Magmatic; forms in acidic igneous rocks or through the heating of Amethyst/Smoky Quartz, either naturally or artificially
About This Crystal
A transparent to translucent yellow variety of quartz. Ranges from pale yellow to honey gold and deep brownish-orange. Exhibits a vitreous luster with conchoidal fractures and occasional internal veining or clouds.
Physical Characteristics
Color: Yellow to gold; Streak: White; Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal; Specific Gravity: 2.65; Fluorescence: Generally inert under UV light
Optical Properties
Refractive Index: 1.544–1.553; Birefringence: 0.009; Pleochroism: Very weak dichroism; Optical character: Uniaxial positive
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Madagascar, Spain, Russia, and Uruguay; found in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites
Hardness & Durability
Mohs Hardness: 7; Toughness: Good; Stability: High, though may fade if exposed to prolonged intense sunlight; excellent for all jewelry types
Care & Maintenance
Wash with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid steam cleaners and ultrasonic cleaners if the stone has significant fractures. Store away from direct sunlight to prevent color fading.
Rarity & Value
Relatively common in its heat-treated form; natural (untreated) citrine is quite rare. Value is determined by color intensity, clarity, and size.
Special Characteristics
Can show 'phantom' growth lines; does not typically show chatoyancy or asterism, though 'cloudy' inclusions can create a soft glow.
Lore & History
Known as the 'Merchant's Stone' or 'Success Stone' in traditional lore, associated with the Solar Plexus chakra. Historically used in jewelry since the Hellenistic Age in Greece and by Roman legionaries as protection.