Carnelian
Quartz var. Carnelian · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, microcrystalline (Chalcedony variety), typically forming in massive, nodular, or botryoidal habits.
Mineral Group
Silicates (Subgroup: Tectosilicate)
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Hydrothermal deposition from silica-rich groundwater filling cavities in volcanic and sedimentary rocks at low temperatures and pressures.
About This Crystal
A small, tumbled, translucent to sub-translucent gemstone displaying a vibrant reddish-orange to brownish-orange color with a smooth, polished, waxy luster.
Physical Characteristics
Color ranges from yellowish-orange to deep brownish-red. White streak. No true cleavage; exhibits conchoidal fracture. Specific gravity is approximately 2.58 to 2.64. Brittle tenacity.
Optical Properties
Refractive index ranges from 1.544 to 1.553, doubly refractive (aggregate birefringence). Vitreous to waxy luster. Generally inert or weakly fluorescent under UV light.
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Brazil, India, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States. Forms primarily in low-temperature hydrothermal environments and cavities of volcanic rocks.
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7. Excellent durability and toughness, making it highly suitable for everyday jewelry use such as rings and pendants.
Care & Maintenance
Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemical cleaners and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight to prevent potential fading.
Rarity & Value
Common and widely available. Value is determined by color intensity, size, and clarity. Often heat-treated or dyed to enhance color, though natural vibrant stones command higher prices.
Special Characteristics
Often exhibits subtle cloudiness, banding, or color zoning typical of chalcedony varieties. Contains microscopic fibrous quartz crystals.
Lore & History
Historically used by ancient civilizations including the Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks for signet rings and amulets. Associated with courage, vitality, and motivation in crystal healing, traditionally linked to the sacral chakra.