Citrine
Quartz var. Citrine · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, with a massive or tumbled habit
Mineral Group
Silicates (Tectosilicates)
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Hydrothermal and magmatic processes, often formed by the natural irradiation of iron-bearing quartz or thermal alteration of amethyst
About This Crystal
A polished, tumbled gemstone displaying a transparent to translucent appearance with a vitreous luster. The specimen exhibits pale to vibrant yellow color zoning, with concentrated golden-yellow areas in the upper and central portions surrounded by clearer quartz zones.
Physical Characteristics
Pale yellow to brownish-yellow body color with a white streak. It exhibits a conchoidal fracture with no distinct cleavage, brittle tenacity, a specific gravity of around 2.65, and a vitreous luster.
Optical Properties
Singly and doubly refractive with a refractive index of 1.544 to 1.553, low birefringence of 0.009, and uniaxial positive optical character. No strong pleochroism is typically observed.
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Brazil, Madagascar, Bolivia, and the USA; forms in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 7, good durability, and fair toughness making it suitable for most types of jewelry wear, with no significant cleavage planes to worry about.
Care & Maintenance
Safe to clean with warm soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight which can cause the color to fade. Store separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Rarity & Value
Common to moderately rare depending on the saturation and natural origin. Most commercial citrine is heat-treated amethyst. Natural, unheated vibrant citrine commands a higher price.
Special Characteristics
Displays natural color zoning and internal crystalline inclusions. Exhibits piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties under mechanical stress or temperature change.
Lore & History
Historically worn as a protection against snake venom and evil thoughts. Often referred to as the 'merchant's stone' and traditionally associated with the Solar Plexus chakra, symbolizing abundance, manifestation, and personal power.