Citrine
Quartz var. Citrine · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, with prismatic habit terminated by rhombohedrons
Mineral Group
Silicates (Tectosilicates)
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Hydrothermal veins, pegmatites, and volcanic cavities formed at moderate temperatures and pressures, though much commercial citrine is heat-treated amethyst
About This Crystal
Small, transparent to translucent golden-yellow quartz crystal displaying a vitreous luster, clean termination facets, and internal clarity with minor fractures or color zoning
Physical Characteristics
Yellow to brownish-orange color, white streak, no cleavage, conchoidal fracture, specific gravity around 2.65, brittle tenacity, and piezoelectric properties
Optical Properties
Uniaxial positive optical character, refractive index of 1.544 to 1.553, weak birefringence, and singly to doubly refractive
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Brazil, Madagascar, Russia, and the United States
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 7, good toughness, high stability against common chemicals, but can fade or change color under prolonged intense heat or direct sunlight
Care & Maintenance
Clean with warm soapy water using a soft brush, avoid harsh chemicals or prolonged exposure to direct sunlight to prevent fading, and store separately from softer stones
Rarity & Value
Common to moderately rare for natural deep-colored specimens; value depends heavily on color saturation, size, and whether it is natural or heat-treated amethyst
Special Characteristics
Exhibits strong piezoelectric properties and can sometimes contain phantom growth lines or liquid inclusions
Lore & History
Historically associated with wealth, abundance, and manifestation, often called the Merchant's Stone and traditionally linked to the Solar Plexus chakra in modern crystal healing