Citrine
Quartz var. Citrine · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, typically forms in prismatic crystals terminated by rhombohedra
Mineral Group
Silicates (Tectosilicate subgroup)
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Hydrothermal veins, pegmatites, and volcanic cavities; natural citrine forms from the low-temperature irradiation of quartz containing trace aluminum
About This Crystal
A tumbled, pale yellow to brownish-orange translucent crystal with a vitreous luster, showing internal fracturing and a smooth, polished surface
Physical Characteristics
Color ranges from pale yellow to deep amber; white streak; no cleavage; conchoidal fracture; specific gravity around 2.65; brittle tenacity; exhibits piezoelectricity
Optical Properties
Uniaxial positive, refractive index of 1.544-1.553, weak birefringence, and generally low pleochroism
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Brazil, Madagascar, Russia, Spain, and the United States
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 7; good toughness and stability; suitable for most jewelry applications with proper care
Care & Maintenance
Clean with warm soapy water; avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals; store away from prolonged direct sunlight to prevent color fading
Rarity & Value
Common to uncommon; natural citrine is rarer than heat-treated amethyst, which dominates the commercial market; value depends on color saturation, clarity, and size
Special Characteristics
Piezoelectric properties; commercial citrine is frequently produced by heat-treating purple amethyst or smoky quartz
Lore & History
Historically used as a talisman against snake bites and evil thoughts; often associated with the solar plexus chakra and traditionally believed to promote wealth, prosperity, and joy