Citrine
Quartz var. Citrine · Semi-Precious Gemstone
Crystal System
Trigonal, typically forming prismatic crystals, massive, or as tumbled pebbles
Mineral Group
Silicates, specifically Tectosilicates
Chemical Formula
SiO2
Formation Process
Igneous and hydrothermal processes, typically forming in pegmatites or volcanic rocks at moderate temperatures; natural yellow color often results from natural irradiation of trace iron impurities
About This Crystal
A small, translucent to transparent tumbled yellow quartz pebble exhibiting a pale to golden-yellow color with minor internal fractures and a vitreous luster
Physical Characteristics
Color ranges from pale yellow to brownish-orange; white streak; conchoidal fracture with no true cleavage; specific gravity of approximately 2.65; brittle tenacity; displays piezoelectric properties
Optical Properties
Uniaxial positive optical character with a refractive index of 1.544 to 1.553 and low birefringence of 0.009; singly refractive or doubly refractive depending on measurement axis, generally without noticeable pleochroism
Hardness & Durability
Origin Region
Found globally with major deposits in Brazil, Madagascar, Russia, and the USA; forms in pegmatites, hydrothermal veins, and volcanic cavities
Hardness & Durability
Mohs hardness of 7; good durability for everyday jewelry use, though prone to scratching softer materials and sensitive to extreme thermal shock
Care & Maintenance
Clean with warm soapy water using a soft brush; avoid harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight to prevent color fading
Rarity & Value
Commonly available in the market; natural untreated stones are more valued than the much more common heat-treated amethyst sold as citrine; generally affordable
Special Characteristics
Often exhibits natural color zoning and internal phantom features; heavily simulated in the market by heat-treating purple amethyst
Lore & History
Historically used as a talisman against snake venom and evil thoughts; associated in modern crystal healing with abundance, prosperity, and the solar plexus chakra